[SQL] Uncaught PDOException: SQLSTATE[HY093]: Invalid parameter number: number of bound...

I'm having difficulties in my Category, CategoryModel class regarding the error reported above, I looked and searched the code several times and didn't see the error, here's my Category which looks like this:

Categories.php = Controller

Here is the code for this:

<?php

/**
* Data and Communication Control with Category model
* It is conventional having the same name 'like' a table, example "Categories"
* in plural, with entity being in singular as "Category"
*
* @author Alessandro Fraga Gomes
* @copyright 2021-2024 Php7 Alex
* @version 1.1.1
*/


class Categories extends Controller
{

public function __construct()
{
$this->postModel = $this->model('Post');
$this->userModel = $this->model('User');
$this->categoryModel = $this->model('Category');
}

// public function index($id)
public function index($url_site)
{
// $post = $this->categoryModel->readPostsByCategory($id);
$post = $this->categoryModel->readPostsByCategory($url_site);

if ($post == null) {
Session::msg('category', 'No post to show in this category');
}

$admin = $this->userModel->readAdmin();
$categories = $this->categoryModel->readCategories();
$category = $this->categoryModel->readCategoryByUrl($url_site);

$data = [
'posts' => $post,
'categories' => $categories,
'category' => $category,
'admin' => $admin
];

$this->view('categories/index', $data);
}
}



I believe the problem is not in the class above, just mentioning it just to have a clue, there seems to be a problem with this line return $this->db->result()->id; in the categoryId Method.... but I don't know what it is, if there is another error in the code I am not seeing it

Category.php = Category Model

<?php

/*
* Data and Communication Control with category model
* Responsible for database communication
* It is conventional having the same name 'like' an entity (SQL language)
*
* @author Alessandro Fraga Gomes
* @copyright 2021-2024 Php7 Alex
* @version 1.1.1
*/

class Category
{
private $db;
private $table = 'categories';

public function __construct()
{
// db connection's class instance
$this->db = new Db();
}

public function readCategories()
{
$this->db->query("SELECT * FROM {$this->table} ORDER BY title ASC");
return $this->db->results();
}

// public function readPostsByCategory($id)
public function readPostsByCategory($url_site)
{

$cat = $this->categoryId($url_site);

$this->db->query("SELECT
p.id as postId,
p.url_site as postUrl,
p.cover as postCover,
p.title as postTitle,
p.txt as postTxt,
p.created_at as postRegisterDate,
c.title as categTitle,
c.descr as categDescr,
u.username as postAuthor

FROM posts AS p
INNER JOIN categories AS c
ON p.category_id = c.id
INNER JOIN users AS u
ON p.user_id = u.id
WHERE p.category_id = $cat
ORDER BY p.id DESC
");

// $this->db->bind('id', $id);
$this->db->bind('url_site', $url_site);

return $this->db->results();
}


private function categoryId($url_site) {

var_dump($url_site);
$this->db->query("SELECT id FROM {$this->table} WHERE url_site = :url_site");
$this->db->bind('url_site', $url_site);

var_dump($this->db->result()->id);
return $this->db->result()->id;
}


// saving category at db
public function save($data)
{

$data['url_site'] = $this->titleCheck($data['title']);

$this->db->query("INSERT INTO {$this->table} (url_site, title, descr) VALUES url_site, :title, :descr)");

$this->db->bind("url_site", $data['url_site']);
$this->db->bind("title", $data['title']);
$this->db->bind("descr", $data['descr']);

if ($this->db->exec()) :
return true;
else :
return false;
endif;
}

public function update($data)
{

$data['url_site'] = $this->titleCheck($data['title'], $data['id']);

$this->db->query("UPDATE {$this->table} SET url_site = :url_site, title = :title, descr = :descr, updated_at = NOW() WHERE id = :id");

$this->db->bind("id", $data['id']);
$this->db->bind("url_site", $data['url_site']);
$this->db->bind("title", $data['title']);
$this->db->bind("descr", $data['descr']);


if ($this->db->exec()) :
return true;
else :
return false;
endif;
}

public function readCategoryById($id)
{
$this->db->query("SELECT * FROM {$this->table} WHERE id = :id");
$this->db->bind('id', $id);

return $this->db->result();
}

public function readCategoryByUrl($url_site)
{

$this->visitCount($url_site);

$this->db->query("SELECT * FROM {$this->table} WHERE url_site = :url_site");
$this->db->bind('url_site', $url_site);

return $this->db->result();
}

public function delete($id)
{
// var_dump($id);

$this->db->query("DELETE FROM {$this->table} WHERE id = :id");

$this->db->bind("id", $id);

if ($this->db->exec()) :
return true;
else :
return false;
endif;
}


// does category has posts
public function postsCheck($id)
{
$this->db->query("SELECT * FROM posts WHERE category_id = :id");
$this->db->bind("id", $id);

if ($this->db->result()) :
return true;
else :
return false;
endif;
}


public function titleCheck($title, $id = null){

$sql = (!empty($id) ? "id != {$id} AND" : "");

$this->db->query("SELECT * FROM {$this->table} WHERE {$sql} title = :t");
$this->db->bind('t', $title);

if($this->db->result()) :
// return Url::friendlyUrl($title).'-'.uniqid();
return Url::friendlyUrl($title).'-'.date('d-m-Y-h_i-s', time());
else:
return Url::friendlyUrl($title);
endif;
}

private function visitCount($url_site)
{
$this->db->query("UPDATE {$this->table} SET visits = visits + 1, last_visit = NOW() WHERE url_site = :u");

$this->db->bind("u", $url_site);

if ($this->db->exec()) :
return true;
else :
return false;
endif;
}

}


The views are like this in code for the main page:

<div class="sideBar">
<h4>Categories</h4>
<ul>
<?php foreach ($data['categories'] as $category) : ?>
<li>
<a href="<?= URL . '/categories/' . $category->url_site ?>" data-toggle="tooltip" title=" <?= $category->title ?>">
<?= $category->title ?>
</a>
</li>
<?php endforeach ?>
</ul>
</div>



SideBar in the page, and selecting category and browsing where it goes at the end of the page localhost/C1_B/categories/games

And for the adminpage:

<li class="list-inline-item">
<!-- This '/controller/' may be the exact same name/string to work -->
<a class="font-weight-bold" href="<?= URL . '/categories/' . $category->id ?>" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Show Category <?= $category->title ?>">
<i class="btn btn-outline-success border-0 fas fa-eye"></i>
</a>
</li>


Admin list for Categories and selecting category and browsing where it goes at the end of the page localhost/C1_B/categories/2

The errors are bellow

[Uncaught PDOException: SQLSTATE[HY093]: Invalid parameter number: number of bound variables does not match number of tokens in] (https://i.sstatic.net/UApd0GED.png)

Uncaught PDOException: SQLSTATE[HY093]: Invalid parameter number: number of bound variables does not match number of tokens in and Attempt to read "id" on bool

Sorry to bother with a very long question for a starter, but I need this help, I tried everything I know already. Thank you all.

I tried a lot of changings in the id property, converting to string, but nothing I tried worked, even looking if the code was really correct, I do know where the error is (maybe), but I am not being able to fix it for a long time. Tested the readPostsByCategory SQL at phpMyAdmin and it worked well.... so.... I really don't know where exactly the error is, and how to fix it anymore.

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