Se eu deixar a opção CHECK CRC desmarcada, posso fazer alterações no código da trigger (arquivo fonte no disco) com o banco no ar e simplesmente recompilar o programa?
Sim, vai poder realizar alterações. Inclusive segue help do data dictionary: Check CRC Activate for the Dictionary to check the stored CRC value for the trigger procedure against the CRC value in the r-code at trigger run time. If these two values are not equal, the trigger is not fired. This ensures that no one changes the trigger code without proper permission. Overridable Activate if you want users to be able to redefine and overwrite triggers on this table with triggers at run time. The default is no.